India's economic landscape has witnessed substantial shifts over the past three decades, with key moments marking the country's resilience and growth. When comparing the tenure of former prime minister manmohan singh as Finance minister in 1991 and his leadership as prime minister (2004–2014) to that of nirmala sitharaman, who has served as Finance minister since 2019, a compelling narrative of India's economic evolution emerges. This article highlights three major milestones that set their tenures apart in terms of economic management and performance.

1. gold Reserves and Economic Stability

In 1991, india was grappling with a severe balance of payments crisis. The country was on the brink of defaulting on its external debt obligations. In a desperate move to stabilize the economy, india, under the leadership of then-Finance minister manmohan singh, had to pledge its gold reserves to secure a loan from the international Monetary Fund (IMF). This was a stark reminder of India's vulnerable economic position during that period.

Fast forward to 2019, when nirmala sitharaman took charge as the Finance Minister. Under her leadership, india achieved a remarkable feat by bringing back 102 tonnes of gold from the bank of England. This move not only reflected the country's enhanced economic strength but also served as a signal of India's growing financial independence. The return of the gold reserves signified a shift from the vulnerabilities of the past to a more secure and self-reliant economy, showcasing the progress made under Sitharaman's tenure.

2. From Fragile Five to Economic Powerhouse

In 2013, india was included in the 'Fragile Five' economies, a term coined by Morgan Stanley to describe countries with weak economic fundamentals, including high fiscal deficits, inflation, and currency depreciation. Under manmohan Singh's leadership, the country was facing significant structural challenges, including a high fiscal deficit and a depreciating currency, which left india vulnerable to global economic shocks. The economic policies of the time struggled to address these issues, and India's economic growth slowed down during the later years of his tenure.

In contrast, under Nirmala Sitharaman's stewardship, india witnessed a remarkable turnaround. During her tenure, india not only overcame the economic challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic but also solidified its position as one of the top five global economies in terms of GDP data-size. By focusing on economic reforms, strategic foreign investments, and fiscal discipline, Sitharaman has played a pivotal role in steering india out of the economic fragility that plagued the country during the 2010s.

3. Recovery from Global Economic Crises

The 2007–08 global financial crisis posed a significant challenge to india and the global economy. Under manmohan Singh's leadership as prime minister, india data-faced a prolonged recovery due to structural issues, policy inertia, and the cascading effects of the global recession. Despite efforts to revive the economy, it took india several years to return to a growth trajectory, with the effects of the crisis lingering throughout much of Singh's second term as Prime Minister.

In stark contrast, when the COVID-19 pandemic struck in 2020, india data-faced a similarly severe economic shock. However, under Nirmala Sitharaman's leadership, india exhibited a swift and impressive V-shaped recovery. Through decisive measures such as stimulus packages, fiscal reforms, and structural changes, the indian economy rebounded faster than many expected, outperforming global peers in terms of growth. This recovery showcased India's resilience and the effectiveness of Sitharaman's policy interventions in the data-face of an unprecedented global crisis.

Conclusion: A Tale of Two Leaderships

The contrasting leaderships of manmohan singh and nirmala sitharaman offer valuable lessons in economic governance. manmohan Singh's tenure as Finance minister and prime minister saw india navigate through critical economic challenges, with notable successes, such as economic liberalization, but also vulnerabilities, including the economic fragility of the late 2000s.

On the other hand, Nirmala Sitharaman's tenure as Finance minister has been marked by a focus on economic stability, growth, and global prominence. Under her leadership, india has not only overcome a global pandemic-induced economic slowdown but has also reestablished its position as a global economic powerhouse. While both leaders have data-faced unique challenges, the performance of the indian economy under Sitharaman’s tenure is a testament to the evolving strength of the country’s economic policies.